Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of energy, dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of nitrogen and amino acids were evaluated in six weanling pigs fed unfermented soybean meal (SBM), yeast fermented soybean meal (SBMY), bacillus fermented soybean meal (SBMB), yeast and bacillus fermented soybean meal (SBMYB), canola meal (CM) and nitrogen-free diet. Pigs having body weights of about 17kg were surgically equipped with T-cannula and randomly allotted to one of five dietary treatments and a nitrogen-free diet in 6 × 6 Latin squares design of treatments. AID and SID of nitrogen was greater (P < 0.05) in SBMYB and SBMB treatments compared with SBM and CM treatment. AID and SID of the total essential amino acids were greater (P < 0.05) in SBMB and tended to be low in CM compared with SBM treatments. In this study, fermentation of soybean meal by Bacillus showed better digestibility of amino acid and nutrients.
Technical Resources Tag: Fermented Soybean Meal
Soybean Meal Use Shrimp – May 2015
This soybean meal use shrimp study evaluated the nutritional value and utilization of soybean meal (SBM) as a feed ingredient for shrimp. The SBM was specially processed using a solid-state fermentation with Bacillus subtilis E20 approach. Compared with SBM, the fermentation process increased the protein content of fermented-SBM by 19%, accompanied by an increase of 18.75% in the total hydrolyzed amino acids. The free amino acid profile and content in FSBM also significantly increased compared to SBM. The researchers concluded that FSBM is a good substitute for fish meal (FM) in a diet with 37% protein and 7% lipid content. They reported that the maximal replacement levels of FM in shrimp diet with SBM and FSBM were 37.42% and 61.67%, respectively, based on the feed efficiency. The results of this study confirms B. subtilis E20-FSBM can be a potential protein source used as a replacement for FM in shrimp diet.
Soybean Protein Use Aquaculture – May 2015
The potential of Bacillus subtilis E20-fermented soybean meal (FSBM) as a partial alternative component of fish meal (FM) in fed diets of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) was evaluated in this study. An FM-based diet and seven diets containing 10%, 20% and 30% and 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of FM replaced by soybean meal (SBM) and FSBM, respectively, were fed to grouper for 84 days to evaluate possible substitution levels of FM by tracking growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and morphological changes in the liver and distal intestine. No significant differences in survival and muscle composition of grouper were found between controls and treatments. Growth performance and feed efficiency of fish fed diets with FM replaced by FSBM up to 30% were not significantly different from controls, whereas significantly decreased growth performance and feed efficiency occurred with diets containing >20% of SBM. Based on the feed efficiency, the maximum substituted levels of FM by SBM and FSBM in grouper diets were 18.36% and 29.32%, respectively. Based on this study, the research group concluded that FSBM has great potential to be used as a protein source in grouper diets in partial replacement of FM.
Shiu, Y.-L., Hsieh, S.-L., Guei, W.-C., Tsai, Y.-T., Chiu, C.-H. and Liu, C.-H. (2015), Using Bacillus subtilis E20-fermented soybean meal as replacement for fish meal in the diet of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides, Hamilton). Aquaculture Research, 46: 1403–1416. doi: 10.1111/are.12294
Two 7-week feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the capacity of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) to use soy protein concentrate (SPC) as a dietary fish meal substitute. In trial I, fish were fed a control diet containing 40% fish meal and other four diets had the fish meal replaced by 20, 40, 60 or 80% SPC. In trial II, a 3 × 2 design was used, and 40 and 80% of the fish meal in control diet was replaced by SPC, with or without 5 g/kg taurine supplementation.
In trial I, no significant difference was found in the feed intake between feeding treatments. The weight gain and nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE) decreased, whereas the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and phosphorus retention efficiency (PRE) increased, with decreasing dietary levels of fish meal. No significant differences were found in the weight gain, FCR and NRE between fish fed control diet and the 20% replacement diet. Fish fed the control diet and/or the 20% replacement had higher weight gain than those fed diets containing higher levels of SPC.
In trial II, no significant differences were found in the feed intake, weight gain, FCR, NRE and PRE between fish fed the control diet and those containing taurine. No significant differences were found in the condition factor, hepatosomatic index and body composition between fish fed the various treatments. The present study reveals that taurine supplementation can elevate fish meal replacement level by SPC in the golden pompano diets. Fish meal in the diet can be reduced from 40 to 32% if the fish meal is replaced with SPC (without taurine supplementation), and fish meal can be further reduced to 24%, if the substituted with SPC plus 5 g kg−1 taurine.
Wu, Y., Han, H., Qin, J. and Wang, Y. 2015. Replacement of fishmeal by soy protein concentrate with taurine supplementation in diets for golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Aquaculture Nutrition, 21: 214–222. doi: 10.1111/anu.12161
This study investigated the effect of soy anti nutrients, saponins and phytosterols, in growing sea bass. Seven diets were formulated: a control diet (fishmeal and fish oil based) and six diets containing 1 or 2 g/kg soya saponins, 5 or 10 g/ kg phytosterols, or a combination of 1 g/ kg saponins plus 5 g/ kg phytosterols or 2 g/kg saponins plus 10 g/ kg phytosterols. After a 59 day feeding trial the fish were weighed, feces collected for digestibility studies and plasma sampled for cholesterol quantification. At day 15 and 59, distal intestine (DI) samples were collected for histological evaluation and quantification of maltase (Malt), alkaline phosphatase (AlP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activities, and tissue was sampled for gene expression of AlP, Malt and immune related genes.
In this study, the added levels of saponins and phytosterols had no effect on fish performance, digestibility, plasma cholesterol levels and digestive enzymes activities and gene expression. Only mild morphological changes were present in groups fed the highest levels of saponins plus phytosterols. Expression of immune related genes showed no differences between treatments groups. Overall, the researchers concluded that growing sea bass showed high tolerance to dietary saponins and phytosterols in the levels tested.
Couto, A., Kortner, T.M., Penn, M., Bakke, A.M., Krogdahl, A. and Oliva-Teles, A. 2015. Dietary saponins and phytosterols do not affect growth, intestinal morphology and immune response of on-growing European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture Nutrition. doi: 10.1111/anu.12220
In a related study aimed to elucidate the effects of two soy anti nutrients, saponins and phytosterols, on growth, intestinal health and function of European sea bass juveniles was studied. Seven fishmeal-based diets were formulated with varying levels of soy saponins and phytosterols. After 59-days, blood was collected for plasmatic cholesterol quantification and intestinal samples were collected for histology, digestive enzymes activity and gene expression analysis. Feeding low levels of phytosterols resulted in increased distal intestine weight and decreased plasma cholesterol, while feeding high levels of phytosterols caused inflammatory changes in the distal intestine. Feeding high levels of saponins depressed some enzyme activity in distal intestine and the histological inflammatory changes. This study indicated that feeding saponins and phytosterols at levels tested did not compromise growth, however, caused some gastrointestinal disturbance that may affect fish in the long term.
Couto, A., Kortner, T.M., Penn, M., Ostby, G., Bakke, A.M., Krogdahl, A. and Oliva-Teles, A. 2015. Saponins and phytosterols in diets for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles: effects on growth, intestinal morphology and physiology. Aquaculture Nutrition, 21: 180–193. doi: 10.1111/anu.12146
Fermented Soybean Meal Weaned Pig Diets – May 2015
Research at South Dakota State University has previously shown that standard ileal digestibility (SID) values for fish meal and microbially-converted soybean meal (MCSBM) were similar. This study was designed to evaluate MCSBM as a replacement for FM in weaned pig diets. The experiment involved 184 barrows and 152 gilts weaned at 21d of age. The experimental diets were: 1) Control diet containing corn, soybean meal and whey; 2) Control diet + acidifier; 3) Control diet + fish meal; 4) Fish meal+ acidifier; 5) Control diet+ MCSBM; and 6) MCSBM + acidifier. The fishmeal and MCSBM were included at 7.5 and 5.0%, respectively. The pigs were fed the experimental diets for 21 days and fed a common diet for an additional 14 days. Daily gain and gain:feed from day 0 to 7, 8 to 21, and 22 to 35 were not different between treatments. Daily feed intake tended to be greater (P = 0.09) in pigs fed fish meal compared to the control diet (954 vs. 769g/d, respectively), similarly for fish meal compared with MCSBM + acid (954 vs. 756 g/d) from d 22 to 28. Performance was similar for pigs fed fish meal or MCSBM, thus MCSBM may be an alternative to fish meal in nursery diets; however, it is important to note neither fish meal nor MCSBM provided additional benefit over solvent extracted soybean meal in the control treatment.
Soybean Meal Digestibility – May 2016
A Soybean Meal Digestibility Study experiment was conducted to evaluate apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibilities of crude protein and amino acids with six soybean products in weaning pigs. A total of 14 weaning barrows with an initial body weight about 6.5 kg were fitted with T-cannula at the distal ileum and allotted to seven diets containing various soybean products. The soybean products used in the experiment were conventional soybean meal, four fermented SBMs and a soy protein concentrate. Six corn-based diets were formulated containing 5.0 g/kg of chromic oxide as an indigestible indicator and an N-free diet was used to measure basal endogenous losses of crude protein and amino acids.
The research team indicated that ileal crude protein digestibility did not differ by different soybean products. However, the results suggested that SIDs of some amino acids could be improved by the supplementation of fermented soybean products in the diet. They also reported that probiotics supplementation and UV-sterilization had no effects on chemical composition and ileal AA digestibility.
Increase in the plant protein ratio in the diet of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone), using Bacillus subtilis E20-fermented soybean meal as a replacement
This study evaluated the nutritional value and utilization of soybean meal (SBM) as a feed ingredient for shrimp. The SBM was specially processed using a solid-state fermentation with Bacillus subtilis E20 approach. Compared with SBM, the fermentation process increased the protein content of fermented-SBM by 19%, accompanied by an increase of 18.75% in the total hydrolyzed amino acids. The free amino acid profile and content in FSBM also significantly increased compared to SBM. The researchers concluded that FSBM is a good substitute for fish meal (FM) in a diet with 37% protein and 7% lipid content. They reported that the maximal replacement levels of FM in shrimp diet with SBM and FSBM were 37.42% and 61.67%, respectively, based on the feed efficiency. The results of this study confirms B. subtilis E20-FSBM can be a potential protein source used as a replacement for FM in shrimp diet.
Effect of Fermented Soybean Meal on Nutrient Digestibility in Young Pigs (March 2017)
The objective of this study was to determine whether fermentation could increase apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter, nitrogen, energy and amino acids in fermented soybean meal (FSBM) compared to soybean meal (SBM) in weaned pig diets. Four weaned pigs weighing about 10 kg were surgically equipped with T-cannulas and randomly followed a 4 × 4 Latin square design of treatments (SBM, FSBM, fish meal and spray-dried plasma protein).
The results indicated the fermentation process was able to reduce the amount of anti-nutritional factors, including trypsin inhibitors, raffinose and stachyose, in the FSBM diet, which were significantly reduced by 39.4, 92.2, and 92.9%, respectively, as compared to the SBM diet. As a consequence of these reductions in FSBM, the AID of dry matter, nitrogen, energy and amino acids were significantly greater in the FSBM treatment compared to the pigs fed the SBM diet. The results of this study showed the fermentation process improved the nutritional quality of SBM, due to reduction of certain meal components and improved digestibility of amino acids. The research team concluded that FSBM could be used as a specialized feed ingredient, especially for young animal diets.
Soybean Meal Replacement of Fish Meal
As a result of increasing demand, uncertain availability, and increasing cost for fish meal (FM), fish nutritionists have been driven to find alternative sources of protein. Particularly for carnivorous species such as Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens (Mitchell), alternative plant-based feedstuffs have shown decreased performance compared to FM. Processed (mechanical, chemical, or microbiological) soybean products are of primary interest as alternative feedstuffs due to their availability, domestic production, low price and nutritional profile; however, use of processed soy has displayed varying degrees of success. Novel soy ingredients created through bioprocessing technology potentially provide more highly digestible nutrients with fewer anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) than traditionally processed soy products.
To examine the utility of certain bioprocessing technologies, ingredient compositions were compared and incorporated into three Yellow Perch feeding trials. The first feeding trial was completed to measure apparent digestibility of protein and energy of commercial and experimental bioprocessed soybean meal (BP-SBM), and other common feed protein ingredients. Bioprocessing consistently upgraded the bioavailability of protein in defatted soybean meal, while commercially bioprocessed xvi Hamlet HP 300 provided the highest digestibility of all soy products tested. Extrusion as a pretreatment to bioprocessing had a negative effect on digestibility.
The second experiment was a 14-week feeding trial to evaluate growth performance, digestibility, and organosomatic responses of Yellow Perch fed diets containing commercial alcohol-washed soy protein concentrate (SPC), bioprocessed soy white flake (BP-WF), or extrusion pretreated BP-WF as complete FM replacements. Each soy protein source was replicated in diets with and without supplemental lysine + methionine. BP diets consistently performed better than SPC diets. Extrusion pretreatment led to improved consumption and growth performance over unextruded products. Lysine and methionine supplementation further improved growth. SPC diets provided the best feed conversion ratio (1.62) and highest apparent digestibility of protein (91.8%), but examination of anatomical characteristics revealed significant deficiencies in fish fed SPC diets.
In the final 16-week feeding trial they evaluated growth performance, feed intake, and organosomatic responses of Yellow Perch fed diets containing various processed SBM products. Treatment factors included soybean variety (GMO or non-GMO), extrusion pretreatment and FM replacement levels (40 and 70%). An FM control and 14 soy-based diets were formulated on a dry matter basis to contain similar crude protein (45%), lipid (9%), and gross energy (20.9 MJ/Kg). Five soy treatments displayed higher relative growth than the FM control diet and nine lower growth. A non-GMO, nonextruded, extruded SBM provided enhanced growth at both inclusion levels when compared to FM. Both the GMO and non-GMO commercial SBMs provided similar growth to the reference diet at the low FM replacement level, but growth was depressed at the higher level.
New phytate values for ingredients explored
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus in fermented soybean meal (FSBM) are greater than in conventional soybean meal (SBM) when fed to growing pigs. Four diets were formulated to contain FSBM or SBM-CV and either 0 or 800 units/kg of microbial phytase. The only sources of phosphorus in these diets were FSBM and SBM. A phosphorus-free diet to estimate basal endogenous losses of phosphorus was also formulated. Thirty barrows weighing about 14kg were allotted to five diets in a randomized complete block design with six pigs per diet. Feces were collected for five days after a five-day adaptation period. All samples of ingredients, diets, and feces were analyzed for phosphorus and values for ATTD and STTD of phosphorus were calculated.
Results indicated that the basal endogenous phosphorus losses were 187 mg/kg of DMI. As phytase was added to the diet, the ATTD and STTD of phosphorus increased (P < 0.01) from 60.9 to 67.5% and from 65.5 to 71.9%, respectively, in pigs fed FSMB. Likewise, addition of phytase to SBM diet increased (P < 0.01) the ATTD and STTD of phosphorus from 41.6 to 66.2% and from 46.1 to 71.4%, respectively. The ATTD and STTD of phosphorus were greater (P < 0.01) in FSBM than in SBM diet when no phytase was used, but that was not observed when phytase was added to the diet (soybean meal × phytase interaction, P < 0.01). In conclusion, the ATTD and STTD of phosphorus in FSBM was greater than SBM when no microbial phytase was added, but when phytase was added to the diets, no differences between FSBM and SBM were observed in the ATTD and STTD of phosphorus.
Energy Values for Soybean Meals
An experiment was conducted to measure the concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolize energy (ME) in US-produced fermented soybean meal (FSBM), conventional soybean meal (SBM), and fish meal fed to weanling pigs. A corn-based diet consisting of 96.4% corn was formulated. Three additional diets were formulated containing corn and each of the experimental ingredients (FSBM, SBM and fish meal, respectively.) Thirty-six growing barrows (initial BW: 22.0 ± 3.85 kg) were placed in metabolism cages and allotted to a randomized complete block design with four diets and nine pigs per diet. Feces and urine were collected for five days after a five day adaptation period. The ATTD and concentrations of DE and ME were calculated in fish meal and the two soybean meals using the difference procedure. Results indicated that the ATTD of energy in SBM was 91.1% which was greater (P < 0.001) than in corn (88.0%) and fish meal (84.1%), and the ATTD of energy in FSBM (89.4%) was greater (P < 0.001) than in fish meal. The concentrations of DE and ME in SBM were 4,608 and 4,144 kcal/kg DM, which was greater (P < 0.001) than the DE and ME in FSBM (4,223 and 3,678 kcal/kg DM, respectively), corn (3,921 and 3,768 kcal/kg DM, respectively), and fish meal (3,819 and 3,361 kcal/kg DM, respectively). However, FSBM contained more (P < 0.001) DE than corn and fish meal and more (P < 0.001) ME than fish meal. In conclusion, the concentration of DE and ME for SBM was greater than those found in FSBM, corn or fish meal.
